Monique Rainford, MD, is board-certified in obstetrics-gynecology, and currently serves as an Assistant Clinical Professor at Yale Medicine. She is the former chief of obstetrics-gynecology at Yale Health.

Lower back pain during pregnancy is quite common. Pregnant people might experience localized pain of the low back that radiates into the buttocks and legs.

It may mimic sciatica—pain that radiates along the sciatic nerve that stretches from the low back through the hips and buttocks down the leg. Sciatic nerve pain usually affects only one side of the body.

Lower back pain during pregnancy can be constant or it can worsen with activity. It might interfere with sleep and affect a pregnant person's quality of life. For most people, symptoms will resolve after the birth of their child. Unfortunately, some may experience chronic pain that remains after childbirth.

This pain usually starts in the second trimester, but it is possible to experience it earlier than that. Learn more about lower back pain during pregnancy, including signs and symptoms, causes, and treatment.

Research shows that around 50% of people who are pregnant will experience low back pain during pregnancy or in the postpartum period. Low back pain during pregnancy can be mild or associated with specific activities. For some people, it can be chronic—that is, pain is persistent and lasts more than three months.

One-third of pregnant people will suffer from severe low back pain that reduces their quality of life, while 10% report that low back pain affects their daily routine and ability to work.  For most people, low back pain starts between the fifth and seventh months of pregnancy, but for some, low back pain may occur earlier.

You may experience lower back pain at any time during your pregnancy. Symptoms might include:

The causes of lower back pain in pregnancy are considered multifactorial. This means that different things are affecting various body structures in the lower part of the body leading to lower back pain.

Many of the causes are recognized and naturally occurring changes during pregnancy, including those related to posture, blood circulation, anatomy, and hormones. Lower back pain during pregnancy is rarely serious or life-threatening.

One theory about lower back pain in pregnancy relates to mechanical instability of the low back in the lumbar spine and pelvis. During pregnancy, the lumbar spine goes through a compensatory process called lordosis, where the spine adjusts to the center of gravity from the increasing pregnancy weight and abdominal enlargement.

This process adds excess strain on the lumbar joints, discs, ligaments, and muscles. The psoas muscle of the hip becomes shortened from the compensatory lordosis, further adding to low back pain.

The psoas muscle connects the upper body to the lower body. It is responsible for flexing the hip joint and lifting the upper leg towards the body. One of its most common movements is walking.

People with a history of low back pain or other preexisting back problems seem to have a higher risk for developing lower back pain during pregnancy.

In addition to changes in the body and history of risk, some daily activities during pregnancy can cause unbalanced movements in the spine, pelvis, and hips resulting from naturally occurring changes of pregnancy.

While rare, some obstetrical conditions, such as miscarriage, ovarian cysts, or uterine fibroids, may cause lower back pain in pregnancy. Lower back pain is also a symptom of urinary tract infection or preterm labor.

Treatment of lower back pain in pregnancy will depend on the stage of pregnancy, what has caused the back pain, any aggravating factors, underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes or high blood pressure, and the severity of symptoms, along with the effect on the quality of life.

In determining treatment options, your clinician may evaluate your posture, range of motion, gait (walking) patterns, joint pain, tendon reflexes, and curvature degree in the lower spine.

Treatment goals will include maintaining function levels and reducing discomfort during pregnancy. Treatment often involves physical therapy and exercise, hot and cold therapy, postural correction, making adjustments to make sleep more comfortable, regular stretching, chiropractic care, acupuncture, and stress reduction with meditation.

Your healthcare provider or a physical therapist can recommend exercises to strengthen your low back and reduce pain. Regular exercise can strengthen the muscles of your low back, boost flexibility, and reduce the stress on the spine.

Safe exercises during pregnancy include walking, swimming, cycling, and low-impact aerobic exercises (i.e., elliptical trainer or stationary bicycling).

Applying heat and cold to your back might help reduce pain and stiffness in your back.  Use cold compresses (such as a bag of ice or cold pack) in the painful area for up to 20 minutes a few times a day.

You can alternate between hot and cold. Use a heating pad in the painful area. Always check with your healthcare provider; they will tell you if it is safe for you to use heat and cold therapy while pregnant.

Avoid slouching to reduce strain on your spine and use proper posture with walking, sitting, and sleeping. Wearing a pregnancy support belt might help with improving posture during pregnancy.

The best position for sleeping during pregnancy is on the left side because it provides the best circulation for the mother and growing fetus. Lying on your back can lead to all sorts of problems, including back pain.

It is also helpful to sleep with one or both knees bent and to use pregnancy support pillows between your knees, behind your back, and under your growing belly.

Talk to your healthcare provider or physical therapist about safe stretching exercises you can do to strengthen your back and pelvic muscles.

Done correctly, chiropractic spinal adjustment can be safe during pregnancy. You should check with your healthcare professional if it is safe for you to seek out chiropractic care.

Studies have found acupuncture to be effective in relieving low back pain during pregnancy. Acupuncture is a type of Chinese medicine that uses thin needles inserted in the skin at certain locations of the body. Check with your healthcare provider before seeking out acupuncture while pregnant.

Meditation is a stress-reduction technique that can be utilized at any time and in any place. There are many ways to practice meditation. One of the easiest ways to meditate is to sit or lie down in a quiet place and focus on your breathing. You can meditate in silence or make use of an audio program.

Meditation has been shown to promote a biological relaxation response that stimulates the brain to reduce the release of stress hormones, which in turn reduces muscle tension and pain.

All medications should be used with caution during pregnancy to reduce the risk of harm to the growing fetus. Fortunately, there are some medications that are safe to use during pregnancy. 

For lower back pain in pregnancy, acetaminophen is considered safe and is often given as a first-line drug to treat all types of pain during pregnancy.

You should always consult with your healthcare provider before starting any medication, including supplements, vitamins, and over-the-counter (OTC) medications, while pregnant.

While some low back pain and discomfort are normal during pregnancy, there will be instances where you should reach out to your obstetrician or another healthcare professional.

Contact your healthcare professional for the following low back symptoms:

These symptoms are concerning and require immediate medical attention. Back pain in pregnancy might be a sign of preterm labor or a urinary tract infection. If back pain is accompanied by vaginal bleeding, fever, or burning with urination, you should reach out to your healthcare provider right away.

Back pain during pregnancy can be uncomfortable and frustrating, but most of the time it resolves after delivery. Remember to always listen to your body and stop activities that make back pain worse.

Check with your healthcare professional before you start exercising. If you experience symptoms, such as bleeding or severe pain, stop exercising and seek out immediate medical help. 

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